The Inter-American Court of Human Rights found violations of the rights to health, life, personal integrity, access to information, and informed consent in a case brought against Chile by the family of Vinicio Poblete Vilches, an older patient who was deprived of adequate emergency medical treatment by a public hospital preceding his death. The principal questions before the Inter-American Court were whether the state violated: 1) the human rights to health and life of Mr. Poblete Vilches, and 2) the human rights to personal integrity, access to information, and informed consent of both him and his family.

The Court recognized that the right to health is an autonomous right, within the economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights guaranteed by Article 26 of the American Convention of Human Rights (ACHR). Therefore, Chile must adopt immediate measures to protect the right to health, such as guaranteeing non-discrimination in access to health services, as well as progressive measures to “advance in the most expedited and effectively way possible toward the full effectiveness” of the right over time.

The Court reasoned that the progressive duties were not at issue in this case, so it only examined Chile's immediate duties, which it held included the obligation to take steps that are adequate, deliberate, and concrete toward the full realization of the right to health. The Court determined that in the context of emergency medical services, Chile must provide medical services that are, at a minimum, available, accessible, acceptable, and of quality, and must adequately supervise public and private hospitals. In addition, because older individuals are particularly vulnerable, Chile has a heightened responsibility to protect their right to health.

The Court found that Mr. Poblete Vilches was in demonstrably poor health when he was discharged, the care he received on his second hospital stay was inadequate, and he was not provided certain medical services because he was older. These factors—as well as the lack of necessary medical equipment, available ambulances, and sufficient ICU beds—together showed the state's failure to meet its immediate duties, thus violating his autonomous right to health. Because the Court found a strong probability that this failure caused his death, it also violated his rights to life and personal integrity. In addition, because several of Mr. Poblete Vilches' family members experienced severe physical and emotional harm related to his hospitalization and death, including depression, suicidal tendencies, and heart attacks, Chile also violated their right to personal integrity.

Because the hospital did not seek informed consent from his family members before surgery, and later did not provide the family adequate information about the grave state of his health, Chile also violated the family's rights to informed consent, to access to information, and to the related rights to dignity and liberty.

The Inter-American Court also decided Chile had violated its duty of due diligence with respect to the provision of an effective remedy for the human rights violations because the state failed to do an autopsy and to arrest a defendant in the case, even after a warrant had been issued.

For the first time, the Inter-American Court declared a violation of the autonomous right to health recognized within the economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights protected by Article 26 of the American Convention. This recognition can contribute to further clarifying state obligations, defining rights more accurately, and providing an avenue to relief for the right to health in the Americas.